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Science // Space Exploration
Why the Sun Looks BrightestExplain why the Sun appears much brighter than other stars: it is the nearest star to Earth, not the biggest or brightest star in the universe — understanding…
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Gravity Pulls Things DownUnderstand gravity as a force that pulls objects towards the centre of the Earth, that 'down' means towards Earth’s centre regardless of where you stand on the…
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Space Exploration MilestonesDescribe key milestones in human space exploration: the Space Race (Sputnik, Yuri Gagarin, Apollo 11 Moon landing), the Space Shuttle era, the International…
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Seasonal ConstellationsRecognise named constellations visible in different seasons and understand why we see different constellations at different times of year — because Earth’s…
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Changing Ideas About SpaceUnderstand that ideas about the solar system changed over time: ancient people believed Earth was at the centre (geocentric model, Ptolemy), until Copernicus…
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Exploration
The Vast Scale of SpaceDescribe the scale of the universe in nested layers: Earth is one planet in our solar system, the Sun is one star among billions in the Milky Way galaxy, and…
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Life Cycle of StarsUnderstand the basics of a star’s life cycle: stars are born in clouds of gas and dust (nebulae), shine for millions or billions of years by fusing hydrogen…
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Scale of the Solar SystemUse scale models, diagrams, or calculations to represent the relative sizes and distances of objects in the solar system, understanding that the distances…
Ages 9 to 11MethodScience // Space Exploration
Finding ExoplanetsDescribe how astronomers detect planets around other stars using transit photometry (dip in starlight as a planet crosses) and radial velocity (Doppler wobble…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Observing with Light WavesExplain how the electromagnetic spectrum is the primary tool of modern astronomy — different wavelengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Orbital MechanicsApply Newton's laws to explain orbital motion: why orbit is continuously falling sideways rather than floating; how a gravity assist (slingshot manoeuvre)…
Ages 12 to 13ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Where Elements Come FromExplain stellar nucleosynthesis: the Big Bang produced mainly hydrogen and helium; main-sequence fusion builds elements up to iron; and supernovae produce…
Ages 12 to 14ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Journey to MarsEvaluate the engineering and human challenges of long-duration spaceflight to Mars — radiation exposure, muscle and bone loss, psychological isolation…
Ages 13 to 14Thinking skillScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Why seasons changeMake observations at different times of year to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year, noticing longer days in summer and shorter days in winter
Ages 5 to 7ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Naming the PlanetsName the planets in our solar system in order from the Sun and use vocabulary for space — planet, star, sun, moon, satellite, orbit, solar system, galaxy…
Ages 5 to 8LanguageScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Sun, Moon, and starsUse observations of the sun, moon, and stars to describe predictable patterns such as the sun rising and setting, the moon changing shape, and stars appearing…
Ages 6 to 7ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Rapid earth changesUse information from several sources to provide evidence that Earth events can occur quickly (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions) or slowly (erosion, mountain…
Ages 7 to 8ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Earth & Space VocabularyUse technical vocabulary for Earth's motion and the wider universe — rotation, revolution, axis, tilt, orbit, light year, gravitational force, atmosphere, lunar…
Ages 8 to 11LanguageScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
The solar systemDescribe the sun, Earth, and moon as approximately spherical bodies, and describe the movement of the Earth and other planets orbiting the sun in the solar…
Ages 9 to 10ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
How fossils formIdentify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time
Ages 9 to 10ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Earth's rotation and day/nightUse the idea of the Earth's rotation to explain day and night and the apparent movement of the sun across the sky
Ages 9 to 11ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
ShadowsRepresent data in graphical displays to reveal patterns of daily changes in shadow length and direction, day and night cycles, and seasonal star patterns
Ages 10 to 11MethodScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Star Brightness & DistanceSupport an argument that the apparent brightness of the sun and stars is due to their relative distances from Earth, understanding the sun is a relatively close…
Ages 10 to 11ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Why We Have SeasonsExplain that the seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis during its orbit around the Sun, distinguishing this from the common misconception that seasons…
Ages 11 to 12Concept