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English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use brackets, dashes, and commas to indicate parenthesis — additional information inserted into a sentence that could be removed without changing the sentence's…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use relative clauses beginning with relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why) to add detail, qualify…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional English patterns (opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose) to produce natural-sounding…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Convert nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding suffixes -ate, -ise (-ize), and -ify, understanding how word class changes affect sentence construction

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use verb prefixes (dis-, de-, mis-, over-, re-) to change verb meaning, understanding how each prefix modifies the action expressed by the root verb

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use commas to clarify meaning and avoid ambiguity in sentences where the absence of a comma could cause misreading

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) when joining two independent clauses in a compound sentence

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Recognise and correct sentence fragments (incomplete sentences lacking a subject or predicate) and run-on sentences (two or more independent clauses joined…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use the passive voice to shift focus from the agent to the action or recipient, understanding how passive constructions affect the presentation of information…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions, selecting tenses deliberately to express the precise timing and nature of actions and…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Recognise and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense within and across sentences and paragraphs, maintaining consistency unless a shift is required by…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Link ideas across paragraphs using a wider range of cohesive devices including word repetition, grammatical connections such as adverbials, and ellipsis to…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use hyphens to avoid ambiguity in compound modifiers and prefixed words, distinguishing between meanings that change based on hyphen placement

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use commas to set off the words yes and no, to set off tag questions, and to indicate direct address in sentences

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works, applying conventions for different types of works such as books, stories, poems…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence, including introductory words, phrases, and clauses

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader interest, and style, using techniques such as embedding clauses, using appositives, and varying…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use semi-colons, colons, and dashes to mark boundaries between independent clauses, choosing the appropriate punctuation based on the relationship between the…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use the subjunctive form in formal writing and speech to express wishes, demands, suggestions, or hypothetical situations (e.g., 'If I were you', 'I suggest…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use correlative conjunctions correctly in sentences, pairing words such as either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also, and whether/or

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use a colon to introduce a list and semi-colons to separate items within lists, particularly when list items contain internal commas or are complex phrases

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Punctuate bullet points consistently to list information clearly, applying conventions for capitalisation, end punctuation, and parallel structure across items

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use punctuation confidently and accurately for effect and clarity — including semicolons to link related clauses, colons to introduce lists or explanations…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Choose among and construct simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal different relationships among ideas, varying sentence patterns…