All topics

Science // The Human Body

Understand that the nervous system has two parts — the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and nerves that branch throughout the body — and that…

Science // The Human Body

Explain how the respiratory system works in detail: air travels through the nose/mouth, down the trachea, into bronchi and bronchioles, reaching tiny air sacs…

Science // The Human Body

Know that the body has an immune system that protects against illness: the skin acts as a barrier, white blood cells identify and destroy germs (bacteria and…

Science // The Human Body

Explain how neurons transmit signals as electrochemical impulses across synapses, describe how the brain is organised (lobes and functions, limbic system for…

Science // The Human Body

Distinguish innate (non-specific, immediate) from adaptive (specific, memory-forming) immunity; explain how B cells produce antibodies that recognise specific…

Science // The Human Body

Explain homeostasis as the process of maintaining a stable internal environment; describe the main feedback loop systems (negative feedback) using blood glucose…

Science // The Human Body

Describe the double helix structure of DNA (base pairs, complementarity), explain how genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins, introduce the central…

Science // The Human Body

Explain that cancer occurs when mutations in DNA disable normal cell-cycle controls, causing uncontrolled cell division and tumour formation; describe how stem…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know what a volcano is: an opening in Earth's surface where hot melted rock (lava) comes out

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know what an earthquake is: a sudden shaking of the ground that can be strong or weak

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that Earth is made of rock and other solid materials

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that Earth's surface changes: some changes are quick (eruptions, earthquakes) and some are slow (wind, water wearing away rock)

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Appreciate that volcanic eruptions are powerful events that can change the landscape

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know basic earthquake safety: drop, cover, and hold on; move away from windows; tell a trusted adult

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Recognise that volcanoes and earthquakes tend to happen in certain places — especially around the edges of the Pacific Ocean (Ring of Fire) — not randomly…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know that Earth has layers — a thin outer crust, a thick hot mantle, and a core at the centre — and that the inside of the Earth is extremely hot

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that earthquakes happen when rocks underground suddenly move or break, releasing energy that shakes the ground

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know the three main types of rock — igneous (formed when lava or magma cools), sedimentary (formed from layers pressed together), and metamorphic — and that…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand the inside of a volcano: magma is hot melted rock underground, lava is the same material after it reaches the surface, and volcanoes have a magma…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Classify volcanoes as active (could erupt any time), dormant (sleeping but could wake up), or extinct (will not erupt again)

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know the story of Pompeii: a Roman city buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, preserved under volcanic ash, and rediscovered by archaeologists…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know what a tsunami is: a very large, fast ocean wave caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption under the sea, which can cause great damage when it reaches…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know that buildings can be designed to resist earthquakes, tsunami warning systems alert coastal communities, and communities prepare through evacuation plans…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Explain how plate boundaries cause earthquakes and volcanoes: plates pushing together, pulling apart, or sliding past each other create the forces that trigger…