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Science // Space Systems & Earth's History

Support an argument that the apparent brightness of the sun and stars is due to their relative distances from Earth, understanding the sun is a relatively close…

Science // Space Systems & Earth's History

Explain that the seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis during its orbit around the Sun, distinguishing this from the common misconception that seasons…

Science // Space Systems & Earth's History

Explain the phases of the Moon as the changing angle of sunlight on the lunar surface as seen from Earth, and describe how solar and lunar eclipses occur

Science // Space Systems & Earth's History

Describe the detailed structure of the solar system, including moons, asteroids, and comets, compare orbital periods and distances of the planets, and…

Science // Space Systems & Earth's History

Describe the scale of the universe, including the structure of galaxies, the position of the Sun in the Milky Way, and the use of light years as a unit of…

Science // Space Systems & Earth's History

Describe gravity as a universal attractive force between all masses, explain that orbital motion arises because gravity provides the centripetal force keeping…

Science // Space Systems & Earth's History

Describe the life cycle of a star from nebula through main sequence to its end state (white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole depending on mass), and relate…

Science // The Human Body

Know that we breathe air into our lungs through the nose and mouth, that our lungs take in oxygen from the air which our body needs to stay alive, and that we…

Science // The Human Body

Understand that the heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body through tubes called blood vessels, and that we can feel our heartbeat by placing a hand…

Science // The Human Body

Understand that the brain is the body’s control centre: it receives messages from the senses, thinks and makes decisions, and sends messages through nerves to…

Science // The Human Body

Know that the body needs food for energy, water to stay hydrated, sleep to rest and grow, and exercise to keep muscles and the heart strong — and that these are…

Science // The Human Body

Know that the body has a skeleton made of bones inside it that gives the body its shape and protects important organs like the brain (skull) and heart…

Science // The Human Body

Explore the five senses in detail: sight uses eyes to detect light, hearing uses ears to detect sound, touch uses skin to feel pressure and temperature, taste…

Science // The Human Body

Understand that the body is organised in a hierarchy: tiny cells are the building blocks, groups of similar cells form tissues, tissues combine into organs…

Science // The Human Body

Know the main food groups (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water) and understand that a balanced diet includes the right amounts from…

Science // The Human Body

Trace the journey of food through the digestive system: food enters the mouth where teeth break it down and saliva begins digestion, travels down the oesophagus…

Science // The Human Body

Describe how the eye works: light enters through the pupil, the lens focuses it onto the retina at the back of the eye, and the retina sends signals along the…

Science // The Human Body

Identify the four types of human teeth (incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars and molars for grinding) and understand that tooth shape is linked…

Science // The Human Body

Understand that muscles work in pairs to move bones: when one muscle contracts (gets shorter and pulls), the opposite muscle relaxes, and that some muscles are…

Science // The Human Body

Identify major bones of the human skeleton by name (skull, spine/vertebrae, ribcage, pelvis, femur, humerus) and explain the skeleton’s three jobs: supporting…

Science // The Human Body

Describe the stages of human development from birth to old age: baby, toddler, child, adolescent (puberty), young adult, middle-aged adult, elderly…

Science // The Human Body

Understand how lifestyle choices affect the body’s health: a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and avoiding harmful substances (tobacco, alcohol…

Science // The Human Body

Describe the circulatory system in detail: the heart has four chambers (two atria, two ventricles) that pump blood in a double loop — one to the lungs for…

Science // The Human Body

Understand how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together: the lungs oxygenate the blood, the heart pumps it around the body, cells use the oxygen…