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Science // Organisms & Life Processes
Effects of Drugs & AlcoholExplain the effects of recreational drugs including alcohol, tobacco, and illegal substances on behaviour, health, and body systems, and distinguish between…
Ages 13 to 14ConceptScience // Scientific Inquiry
Controlling variables (age 11+)Form a testable scientific hypothesis linking an independent variable to a predicted outcome, plan a full investigation identifying independent, dependent, and…
Ages 11 to 12Thinking skillScience // Scientific Inquiry
Repeated tests for reliabilityDistinguish between precision (consistency of repeated readings) and accuracy (closeness to true value), use significant figures and standard form correctly…
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Scientific Inquiry
Drawing conclusions from evidence (age 12+)Identify patterns and trends in data, draw conclusions that directly address the hypothesis with quantitative reference to evidence, and evaluate the…
Ages 12 to 13Thinking skillScience // Scientific Inquiry
Tables, charts, and graphsConstruct data tables with correct headings and SI units, plot appropriate graph types (bar chart, line graph, scatter graph), draw a line of best fit, and…
Ages 12 to 13RepresentationScience // Scientific Inquiry
Writing Science ReportsCommunicate scientific findings in a structured report using appropriate scientific vocabulary, SI units, and standard notation; describe how peer review and…
Ages 13 to 14Thinking skillScience // Space Exploration
Finding ExoplanetsDescribe how astronomers detect planets around other stars using transit photometry (dip in starlight as a planet crosses) and radial velocity (Doppler wobble…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Observing with Light WavesExplain how the electromagnetic spectrum is the primary tool of modern astronomy — different wavelengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Orbital MechanicsApply Newton's laws to explain orbital motion: why orbit is continuously falling sideways rather than floating; how a gravity assist (slingshot manoeuvre)…
Ages 12 to 13ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Where Elements Come FromExplain stellar nucleosynthesis: the Big Bang produced mainly hydrogen and helium; main-sequence fusion builds elements up to iron; and supernovae produce…
Ages 12 to 14ConceptScience // Space Exploration
Journey to MarsEvaluate the engineering and human challenges of long-duration spaceflight to Mars — radiation exposure, muscle and bone loss, psychological isolation…
Ages 13 to 14Thinking skillScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Why We Have SeasonsExplain that the seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis during its orbit around the Sun, distinguishing this from the common misconception that seasons…
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Phases of the MoonExplain the phases of the Moon as the changing angle of sunlight on the lunar surface as seen from Earth, and describe how solar and lunar eclipses occur
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
The solar system (age 11+)Describe the detailed structure of the solar system, including moons, asteroids, and comets, compare orbital periods and distances of the planets, and…
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Galaxies and the universeDescribe the scale of the universe, including the structure of galaxies, the position of the Sun in the Milky Way, and the use of light years as a unit of…
Ages 12 to 13ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Universal GravitationDescribe gravity as a universal attractive force between all masses, explain that orbital motion arises because gravity provides the centripetal force keeping…
Ages 12 to 13ConceptScience // Space Systems & Earth's History
Life Cycle of a StarDescribe the life cycle of a star from nebula through main sequence to its end state (white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole depending on mass), and relate…
Ages 13 to 14ConceptScience // The Human Body
Neurons & Brain StructureExplain how neurons transmit signals as electrochemical impulses across synapses, describe how the brain is organised (lobes and functions, limbic system for…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // The Human Body
Immunity & VaccinesDistinguish innate (non-specific, immediate) from adaptive (specific, memory-forming) immunity; explain how B cells produce antibodies that recognise specific…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // The Human Body
How the Body Stays in BalanceExplain homeostasis as the process of maintaining a stable internal environment; describe the main feedback loop systems (negative feedback) using blood glucose…
Ages 12 to 14ConceptScience // The Human Body
DNA & GenesDescribe the double helix structure of DNA (base pairs, complementarity), explain how genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins, introduce the central…
Ages 12 to 14ConceptScience // The Human Body
Cancer & Stem CellsExplain that cancer occurs when mutations in DNA disable normal cell-cycle controls, causing uncontrolled cell division and tumour formation; describe how stem…
Ages 13 to 14Thinking skillScience // Volcanoes & Earthquakes
How Tectonic Plates MoveUnderstand that convection currents in the molten mantle drive the movement of rigid tectonic plates; distinguish between convergent (collision/subduction)…
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Volcanoes & Earthquakes
Seismic Waves & Earth's InteriorDistinguish between P-waves (compression, travel through solids and liquids) and S-waves (shear, cannot pass through liquids); explain why a seismic shadow zone…
Ages 11 to 13Concept