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Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that earthquakes happen when rocks underground suddenly move or break, releasing energy that shakes the ground

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know the three main types of rock — igneous (formed when lava or magma cools), sedimentary (formed from layers pressed together), and metamorphic — and that…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand the inside of a volcano: magma is hot melted rock underground, lava is the same material after it reaches the surface, and volcanoes have a magma…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Classify volcanoes as active (could erupt any time), dormant (sleeping but could wake up), or extinct (will not erupt again)

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know the story of Pompeii: a Roman city buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, preserved under volcanic ash, and rediscovered by archaeologists…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know what a tsunami is: a very large, fast ocean wave caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption under the sea, which can cause great damage when it reaches…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know that buildings can be designed to resist earthquakes, tsunami warning systems alert coastal communities, and communities prepare through evacuation plans…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Explain how plate boundaries cause earthquakes and volcanoes: plates pushing together, pulling apart, or sliding past each other create the forces that trigger…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that Earth's crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates that float on hotter, softer rock beneath and move very slowly — a few…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know about famous eruptions and their global effects: Mount St Helens (1980), Eyjafjallajökull (2010), and how large eruptions can affect weather and climate…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that not all volcanic eruptions are the same: some flow gently (effusive) and some explode violently (explosive), depending on the properties of the…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans, such as earthquakes, floods, or volcanic eruptions

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand how volcanologists monitor volcanoes by looking for warning signs — gas emissions, ground swelling, small earthquakes — and that prediction involves…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know that scientists measure earthquakes using seismometers, that earthquakes release energy that travels as waves through the ground, and that a magnitude…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand the rock cycle: rocks slowly change from one type to another over millions of years — igneous rock weathers into sediment, sediment becomes…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Observe that objects in darkness can be seen only when illuminated by a light source

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Name and use vocabulary for how light and sound behave — light source, transparent, translucent, opaque, shadow, reflect, vibration, pitch, volume — and apply…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Understand that vibrating materials can make sound, and that sound can make materials vibrate

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that shadows are formed when light from a source is blocked by an opaque object, and find patterns in how shadow size changes

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Notice that light is reflected from surfaces, and that shiny smooth surfaces reflect light best

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that light from the sun can be dangerous and that there are ways to protect eyes

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that vibrations from sounds travel through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to the ear

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Find patterns between the volume of a sound and the strength of the vibrations that produced it

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that sounds get fainter as the distance from the sound source increases